A Comparative Essay Of The Poems ‘Salome’ (C.A.Duffy) and ‘The Arrival Of The Bee Box’ (S.Plath) Essay Example for Free

A Comparative Essay Of The Poems ‘Salome’ (C.A.Duffy) and ‘The Arrival Of The Bee Box’ (S.Plath) Essay ‘Salome’ via Carol Ann Duffy and ‘The Arrival Of The Bee Box’ by Sylvia Plath have numerous similitudes and contrasts. ‘Salome’ is apparently a sonnet about an individual, no doubt a lady, who awakens and finds ‘a head on the pillow’ adjacent to them. The sonnet keeps on specifying their prompt activities lastly uncovers that this head is in certainty ‘on a platter’. ‘The Arrival Of The Bee Box’ shows up on a superficial level to portray the strengthening felt by a person as they investigate their authority over a case of honey bees. A fascinating similitude is the two writers are female. C. A. Duffy was conceived in Glasgow in 1995 and is the oldest of five youngsters. Plath was conceived in 1932 and was conceived in Boston. On the off chance that you read the sonnets from a true to life viewpoint it is conceivable to distinguish certain variables which the writer has included because of their own conditions. By and by, I accept that both C. A. Duffy and S. Plath have focuses to make. For instance, Duffy’s sonnet could be believed to have numerous connects to the job of lady in the public eye and the force they have over their male partners. This psychological disposition, which has sifted through into her verse, could originate from the reality she is the main ladies and the principal straightforwardly gay individual to hold the situation of Britain’s artist laureate. So also, ‘The Arrival Of The Bee Box’ contains rebellious thoughts of intensity and perhaps meanings to ladies playing an untraditional job in the public arena. In ‘Salome’ the pace, tone, cadence and structure are completely broken. This is compelling as it mirrors the mental remaining of the voice in the sonnet. The impact is made through the procedures of enjambment and non-serious inquiries and these can be seen in the fifth line â€Å"what did it make a difference? . The line is separated and this causes the reader’s to notice it. Close by this the facetious inquiry at that point constrains the peruser to think â€Å"what did it make a difference? †. This accentuates the point to the peruser that it does make a difference and is significant in the given setting of the sonnet. On the other hand, ‘The Arrival Of The Bee Box’ is produced using six uniform verses of five lines. There is little by method of caesura and it in this way contrasts enormously, as far as structure at any rate, from ‘Salome’. By and by, I accept this is on the grounds that the speaker is depicted as being progressively gathered and OK with the got power, comparative with the voice in ‘Salome’. The subsequent line is an amazing model; â€Å"Square as a seat and too overwhelming to even consider lifting. † The rhyme of ‘square’ and ‘chair’ gives a positive sound and thusly this can be believed to imply control and satisfaction in power. The above proof proposes that C. A. Duffy and S. Plath both have various thoughts on what direction basically is ideal to convey their thoughts. Be that as it may, I accept the free structure of ‘Salome’ includes more than the unbending structure of ‘The Arrival of The Bee Box’ as it produces an additional measurement where perusers can have more opportunity to decipher the ideal importance of the sonnet themselves. Indispensable to the two sonnets is the subject of intensity and the connection it has with the proprietor, particularly ladies. The closeness and authority is this assault on the cliché sees that whenever permitted to stand could drive lady to the fringe of society. In ‘Salome’ the voice is fairly a ‘player’ and it is this scopophilic demeanor which produces Duffy’s point. In a cutting edge society it is regularly observed as ‘cool’ or ‘macho’ for a male to lay down with numerous ladies. On the other hand, on the off chance that females reproduce these activities, at that point they have a high potential for success of being shelled with censorious terms. No doubt S. Plath would decided to concentrate more on the enthusiasm of intensity. She alludes to various occasions ever (Greek, Slave Trade, Roman). This sets a serious showy environment on the grounds that alluding to these superpowers through the ages encourages the peruser to value the significance of intensity in our general public both before, present and future. It features the way that in Duffy’s sentiment (and I concur) that it is inserted in people to search out force and control others. Generally speaking, the two writers have comparable topics in their sonnets however decided to communicate them in various manners. A comparability between the two sonnets is that they make references to either strict names or various pieces of the Bible. C. A. Duffy in ‘Salome’ decides to utilize notorious Christian names, for example, John and Peter. Though S. Plath utilizes the idea of a paradise; â€Å"There is the laburnum, its light corridors, And the underskirts of the cherry. † The portrayal of this idealistic setting could be connected to the sentiments felt by the voice in ‘Salome’ when she/it says ‘I saw my eyes glitter†¦and ain’t life a bitch’. The voice seems as if it is fulfilled, equity has been done and it has arrived at an allegorical goal. This goal, as I would see it, is that the voice feels like they have by one way or another arrived at fairness by submitting this unusual demonstration. A huge impact as far as language in the two sonnets is the individual pronoun ‘I’. This closeness is undoubtedly because of the common them of intensity in every sonnet. The storytellers are attempting to communicate that they are the ones in control. The language in the two sonnets is extremely oversimplified however the words can be utilized in very perplexing manners. The two artists have decided not to overcomplicate their language and I think they have made their sonnets entirely open to all individuals. Hues are utilized in the two sonnets for various impacts. In ‘Salome’ the ‘red sheets’ could mean the displeasure felt by the voice for the shameful acts that have driven them to embrace the outrage. In ‘The Arrival Of The Bee Box’ ‘the slips of the cherry’ and the ‘blond colonnades’ are utilized as the shades of the paradise. The utilization of hues is distinctive in every sonnet except both function admirably. Taking everything into account, I feel that Carol Ann Duffy and Sylvia Plath are both exceptionally effective in introducing their thoughts in the two sonnets. The sonnets are left not entirely clear and relying upon the sort of perusing you attempt (provincial, true to life, and so on) they can mean various things to various individuals. In any case, I for one feel that ‘Salome’ is additionally intriguing and hypnotizing to the peruser. This is no doubt because of the reality I discovered ‘The Arrival Of The Bee Box’ unreasonably conceptual for me and I thought that it was hard to get a handle on. I think the sonnets have opened my eyes not exclusively to the imbalances felt by specific gatherings of society yet in addition to the variations over the globe all in all.

Lipase Catalysed Synthesis of Bio-based Reactive Polyester

Lipase Catalyzed Synthesis of Bio-based Reactive Polyester TITLE OF THE RESEARCH PAPER: Green polymer science: lipase catalyzed blend of bio-based responsive polyester utilizing itaconic anhydride as inexhaustible monomer. Diary: Polymer Journal (2014) 46, 2â€13 Presentation Synopsis This paper is about the lipase catalyzed blend of responsive polyester. In this blend lipase utilized as normal impetus. The union of receptive polyester was finished by ring opening expansion buildup polymerization (ROACP) response with lack of hydration. Cyclic anhydride and diol were utilized. Itaconic anhydride (IAn) is inexhaustible biomass material so it was perfect monomer for union of receptive polyester. IAn is five membered cyclic anhydride. ROACP didn't conceivable among IAn and diol so the monomer succinic anhydride (SAn) or glutaric anhydride (GAn) were utilized with IAn and diol. The diol utilized were 1, 4-butanediol (BD), 1, 6-hexanediol (HD), 1, 8-octanediol (OD) and 1, 10-decanediol (DD). ROACP response of IAn with the diols in the proportions of IAn: diol with lipase as an impetus in nearness of sub-atomic sifters were learned at 25 ºC in toluene for 120h. From the GPC investigation it is seen that all the response remained inhomogenous during the response and ga ve just low-sub-atomic weight item with Mn somewhere in the range of 150 and 390. The NMR result show that beginning IAn totally devoured in ring opening response so IAn alone doesn't show RCACP so the expansion of other segment or changing response condition vital. For these regioselectivity and substrate selectivity assessment of IAn done by utilizing model response of IAn and n-octyl liquor. For regioselectivity perception ROA response was performed with Novoenzyme 435 impetus without sub-atomic strainer in toluene at 25 ºC with blending. The ÃŽ ²-selectivity esteem without lipase was 90% and with lipase catalysis was 49%. It was on the grounds that the ÃŽ ²-carbonyl gathering is sterically more ideal than ÃŽ ±-carbonyl gathering bunch adjoining the vinylidene gathering so it affirmed that response catalyzed by lipase. In ROACP response first ring opening expansion (ROA) response between cyclic anhydride and diol and after that drying out buildup response between liquor gatheri ng and carboxylic corrosive gathering happen. Out of four diol OD gives great outcome as far as yield, atomic weight and number of unit per particle. ROACP utilizing IAn, SAn or GAn and diol delivered polyester in great yield. From the SAn polyester with Mn estimation of 650-3510 with 1.3-2.6 units per atom were gotten and from GAn these worth were 560-3690 and 1.2-3.1 individually. The polymer combined have application as macromonomer, telechelic or crosslinking reagent. 2. Writing SURVEY The audit of this original copy and introduction of viewpoints has been led dependent on a broad overview of the compositions portraying comparable or related research. Inexhaustible biobased polymeric materials: easy blend of itaconic anhydride-based copolymers with poly(L-lactic corrosive) joins (Okuda et.al, 2012) Biobased material are natural well disposed so these material now a days utilized generally for blend natural compound. Current paper utilized itaconic anhydride (IAn) and lactic corrosive (LA) as a sustainable beginning material for amalgamation of biobased polymeric material of poly (lactic corrosive) (PLA)- join copolymer. Amalgamation of Poly (lactic corrosive) (PLA) was finished by two way; ring-opening polymerization of lactide with an assortment of metal or nonmetal impetuses and direct polycondensation of lactic corrosive (LA) with corrosive impetuses. Poly (lactic corrosive) (PLA)- join copolymer were integrated by two way macromonomer approach and copolymer approach. First the utilizing IAn the methacryloyl-type polymerizable PLA macromonomer (IAn-PLA Macro) were shaped and afterward its copolymerization with n-butyl methacrylate (BMA), n-butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA) or ethyl methacrylate (EMA) to give join copolymer with sub-atomic weight Mn up to 1.61ã⠀"105and biomass content over 34wt%. At the point when copolymer drew closer utilizing IAn as comonomer for radical polymerization with BMA utilized then IAn-BMA copolymer with Mn 5.76ãâ€"104 got. These two methodologies are utilized for blend of PLA-unite copolymer as â€Å"biomass plastic† having different application. 2).Enzymatic Polymerization: A New Method of Polymer Synthesis (kobayashi 1999) Enzymatic polymerization alludes to polymerization utilizing a secluded protein outside the organic framework through non-biosynthetic pathways. The current article gives thought regarding advancement of enzymatic polymerization method. Hydrolases and oxidoreductase sorts of protein were utilized for polymerization. By utilizing these enzymatic polymerization technique different material blended including polysaccharide like chitin, cellulose, xylan and amylose and un-regular polysaccharide by glycosidase through different monomer. Oxidoreductase started vinyl polymerization. The polymerizability was rely upon ring size, contradicting to synthetic catalysis where ring strain is employable. Enzymatic polymerization has points of interest of high selectivity, capacity to work under gentle condition, impetus recyclability, and biocompatibility. 3. Drying out polycondensation in water for amalgamation of polyesters by lipase impetus. (Suda et al., 1999) Lipase is characteristic impetus utilized for amalgamation of polyester .In the current paper aliphatic polyester was combined by drying out polycondensation in water by utilizing lipase as impetus. Polymerization was completed at 45 °C for 24 h .size rejection chromatography (SEC) was utilized for atomic weight assurance. Methanol was utilized for segregation by reprecipitation. Impact of response parameter and the lipase cause on the sub-atomic weight and the polymer yield have been methodicallly estimated in the blend of sebacic corrosive and 1,8-octanediol. At the point when the examination was conveyed without the lipase (control analyze) at that point the polymerization didn't happen showing that polymerization happens because of lipase as impetus. The impact of temperature, dissolvable and measure of compound and monomer were deliberately estimated. At the point when protein fixation expanded it was seen that the yield was expanded. It was seen that monomer sum likewise infl uenced polymerization conduct .The polymerization conduct relied upon chain length of the monomer in the polymerization of a co-dicaboxylic corrosive and glycol. NMR and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was utilized for terminal structure investigation. 4 .Enzymatic polymerization towards biodegradable polyester nanoparticles (Taden et al., 2003) Biodegradable polymer nanoparticles incorporated from the direct enzymatic polymerization of miniemulsion comprising of lactone nanodroplets. For polymerization of lactone lipase as impetus was productive. Lipases were ampiphilic particle and they adsorb onto the hydro-phobic lactone nanodroplets. Ultrasonication was utilized for the miniemulsification until arriving at harmony and measure by turbidity estimation. When DSC estimations was done it was seen that the dynamic crystallization purpose of the orchestrated polyester were moved much down that crystallization inside the beads was supressed when polymerization condition applied. The softening purpose of dried polymer was dictated by DSC technique. Non-round total was framed when crystallization completed at low temperature. The pH of the minemulsion moved to 5-6 after polymerization from 7. 5. Green Polymer Chemistry Using Nature’s Catalysts, Enzymes (Pukas et.al, 2009) Compound are the characteristic impetus. The utilization of protein as an impetus increments as substitute to concoction catalysis strategy for natural combination. The benefit of chemical were capacity to work under mellow condition, high selectivity, biocompatibility and recyclability. The polymer combination was finished by compound and the most widely recognized model are polycondensation, oxidative polymerisation and ring opening polymerization. The utilization of protein as an impetus in polymer science is significant system for the combination of novel polymeric structure, which are outlandish or hard to get ready. 3. Basic REVIEW 3.1 ORIGINALITY The current paper is about the lipase catalyzed amalgamation of bio-based receptive polyester utilizing itaconic anhydride as a sustainable monomer. For diminishing carbon dioxide outflow polymeric material was delivered from biobased inexhaustible material. In this way poly-lactic corrosive has been delivered utilizing biobased sustainable material. Work on the ring opening polymerization utilizing compound impetus was at that point done. The work on the lipase catalyzed ring opening polymerization of dicarboxlyic corrosive was first done in 1993 for the ring opening expansion buildup polymerization (ROACP) including lack of hydration previously did. The work on the â€Å"dehydration in water† utilizing lipase catalyzed polymerization to framed polyester in water was additionally done. From the expansion of an every one of these examinations the present paper incorporate lipase catalyzed amalgamation responsive polyester utilizing itaconic anhydride (IAn), succinic anhydride (SAn) or glutaric anhydride as beginning monomer with for diol. Despite the fact that the idea was not new but rather the work done was novel. The creator accomplished the work with utilizing new monomer IAn and four diol. ROACP between two monomer itaconic anhydride and diol was unrealistic so the creator included one additional polymer with the goal that response finished. Creator completed model response for getting data about the regioselectivity and substrate selectivity of itaconic anhydride utilizing n-octyl liquor. 3.2 TECHNICAL CORRECTNESS Actually, this paper is practically right. All the got outcomes have been spoken to through clear diagrams. Information REPRESENTATION All the utilized techniques have been very much portrayed by the creators. This empowered simple and right translation of a portion of the related plots and empowered the comprehension of the related ideas. The spectra includ

7 Common Social Bookmarking Mistakes You Should Avoid

7 Common Social Bookmarking Mistakes You Should Avoid Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!7 Common Social Bookmarking Mistakes To AvoidUpdated On 14/01/2016Author : AnkitTopic : Social MediaShort URL : http://hbb.me/1ReUTZk CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogIf you are all set and looking out to use Social Bookmarking for the promotion of your site, you need to know the best use of this tool and the standard social bookmarking mistakes that should be avoided at all cost. Here, in this article, I will be discussing some of the top mistakes that people commit when carrying out the social bookmarking campaign. Have a look at these errors and try to avoid them.Social Bookmarking Mistakes1. Right title matters the mostA number of times, the webmasters select SEO companies to carry out social bookmarking for their site. And so in case the webmasters choose the SEO service providers that are not so professional or experienced, they face dire consequences. The bigges t mistake that the unprofessional submitters commit is of adding in irrelevant titles when doing the social bookmarking submissions. So, it is better to hire the SEO service providers who are experienced and skilled in creating and submitting only the search engine friendly titles.2. Do not choose irrelevant keywordsTags and keywords are which help you to get your website noticed on social bookmarking sites. So, if you wish to ensure that your site gets due attention, select the tags and keywords that are related to your site. Also, do not use the general keywords that others may also use. This will help a great deal in the detracting from the visibility of your website.3. Never spamIt is recommended that you do not spam the sites. When you try to create or build the link power through social bookmarking, do not sell products in the messages. Placing the promotional or marketing messages in the sites is surely a big mistake and may ruin the reputation of your site and brand. So, you need to be cautious.4. Use different pages of your site for bookmarkingA common mistake that is committed by most people is of bookmaking the mail page URL if their sites only. This needs to be avoided at all costs and try to bookmark other or inner pages of your site as well. This will make your social bookmarking campaign more efficient and useful.READ6 Reasons Why Being Popular In Social Media Matters5. Do not bookmark the pages having low-quality contentYou may be having a page on your website that shows pictures and prices of the products. When it comes to social bookmarking, such a page is considered to be the no or low-quality page. You need to remember that people who look for the sites through social bookmarking platform want to get the sites that are pertinent to what they want. So, in case you add the no or low-quality content URL, people will not find any worth in your pages. This way, you may leave a negative impression on the people.6. Do not use any softwareIt is adv isable that you do not use any software or submission tool for the bookmarking. Not automating the process is very crucial and useful. Making all bookmarks manually surely makes the whole process search engine friendly and easy. This way, your bookmarks will not even face any approval problems.7. Choose relevant categoryIf you have to choose the category while submitting the bookmarks, it is imperative that you select the right and most appropriate one. Also, do not make submissions on a random basis as when you select the right category, you will be able to get maximum possible benefits from the presentation. So, this way, when others see your social bookmarks in the sites that are not linked to your site, they may get frustrated and may not trust your brand/business.Last but not least, social bookmarking is the useful option available to draw in the visitors to a site. The surfers that bookmark your site tend to be showing some interest in your site’s page and its content. You t hus have the chance to present your stuff behind them and convert them into real time customers. Clearly understand the common mistakes mentioned above and avoid them at all costs to have an effective, useful and beneficial social bookmarking campaign.

George Thatcher s Influence On British Politics - 1884 Words

Margret Thatcher was born on October 13, 1935. She went to college at Oxford University where she received a degree in chemistry. Later on she went to study law where she then was able to pass the bar. Years later, she ran for position in parliament and loss. After this lost, she went on to have kids and focus on her family. She then realized that after focusing on her family she still had a passion for government and she still wanted to get involve in British politic. She then took on various positions within her party until she was head of the conservative party. In 1979, Margret Thatcher ran and won Prime minister of the United Kingdom. Thatcher made history as one of the most prominent prime ministers in the history of the United Kingdom because she is a woman who’s hate towards socialism contributed to improving British economy as a whole. One of Thatcher important concept in becoming an important figure in British politics is her hatred toward socialism and all of the i deologies that are attached to it. Before thatcher came into office, socialism was a very popular concept to the British people. The Britain government for centuries was influenced by a concept known as Marxism. Marxism is the concept that was formed from a great philosopher by the name of Karl Marx. This concept claims that there is a direct relationship between the person producing and generating good to the people who are consuming them (Ollman). Marxism in other word is also known as socialism.Show MoreRelatedBritain And The Eu : How National Sovereignty And Eu Suprantionalism Play Out1578 Words   |  7 Pageshas produced a well-documented history of aloofness, vetoes, opt-outs, referenda as well as intensely contested domestic political debates. 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St. Valentines Day Massacre

Around 10:30 a.m. on St. Valentines Day, February 14, 1929, seven members of Bugs Morans gang were gunned down in cold blood in a garage in Chicago. The massacre, orchestrated by Al Capone, shocked the nation by its brutality. The St. Valentines Day Massacre remains the most notorious gangster killing of the Prohibition era. The massacre not only made Al Capone a national celebrity, but it also brought Capone, the unwanted attention of the federal government. The Dead Frank Gusenberg, Pete Gusenberg, John May, Albert Weinshank, James Clark, Adam Heyer, and Dr. Reinhart Schwimmer Rival Gangs: Capone vs. Moran During the Prohibition era, gangsters ruled many of the large cities, becoming rich from owning speakeasies, breweries, brothels, and gambling joints. These gangsters would carve up a city between rival gangs, bribe local officials, and become local celebrities. By the late 1920s, Chicago was split between two rival gangs: one led by Al Capone and the other by George Bugs Moran. Capone and Moran vied for power, prestige, and money; plus, both tried for years to kill each other. In early 1929, Al Capone was living in Miami with his family (to escape Chicagos brutal winter) when his associate Jack Machine Gun McGurn visited him. McGurn, who had recently survived an assassination attempt ordered by Moran, wanted to discuss the ongoing problem of Morans gang. In an attempt to eliminate the Moran gang entirely, Capone agreed to fund an assassination attempt, and McGurn was placed in charge of organizing it. The Plan McGurn planned carefully. He located the Moran gangs headquarters, which was in a large garage behind the offices of S.M.C. Cartage Company at 2122 North Clark Street. He selected gunmen from outside the Chicago area, to ensure that if there were any survivors, they would not be able to recognize the killers as part of Capones gang. McGurn hired lookouts and set them up in an apartment near the garage. Also essential to the plan, McGurn acquired a stolen police car and two police uniforms. Setting Up Moran With the plan organized and the killers hired, it was time to set the trap. McGurn instructed a local booze hijacker to contact Moran on February 13. The hijacker was to tell Moran that he had obtained a shipment of Old Log Cabin whiskey (i.e. very good liquor) that he was willing to sell at the very reasonable price of $57 per case. Moran quickly agreed and told the hijacker to meet him at the garage at 10:30 the following morning. The Ruse Worked On the morning of February 14, 1929, the lookouts (Harry and Phil Keywell) were watching carefully as the Moran gang assembled at the garage. Around 10:30 a.m., the lookouts recognized a man heading to the garage as Bugs Moran. The lookouts told the gunmen, who then climbed into the stolen police car. When the stolen police car reached the garage, the four gunmen (Fred Killer Burke, John Scalise, Albert Anselmi, and Joseph Lolordo) jumped out. (Some reports say there were five gunmen.) Two of the gunmen were dressed in police uniforms. When the gunmen rushed into the garage, the seven men inside saw the uniforms and thought it was a routine police raid. Continuing to believe the gunmen to be police officers, all seven men peacefully did as they were told. They lined up, faced the wall, and allowed the gunmen to remove their weapons. Opened Fire With Machine Guns The gunmen then opened fire, using two Tommy guns, a sawed-off shotgun, and a .45. The killing was fast and bloody. Each of the seven victims received at least 15 bullets, mostly in the head and torso. The gunmen then left the garage. As they exited, neighbors who had heard the rat-tat-tat of the submachine gun, looked out their windows and saw two (or three, depending on reports) policemen walking behind two men dressed in civilian clothes with their hands up. The neighbors assumed that the police had staged a raid and were arresting two men. After the massacre had been discovered, many continued to believe for several weeks that the police were responsible. Moran Escaped Harm Six of the victims died in the garage; Frank Gusenberg was taken to a hospital but died three hours later, refusing to name who was responsible. Though the plan had been carefully crafted, one major problem occurred. The man that the lookouts had identified as Moran was Albert Weinshank.   Bugs Moran, the main target for the assassination, was arriving a couple of minutes late to the 10:30 a.m. meeting when he noticed a police car outside the garage. Thinking it was a police raid, Moran stayed away from the building, unknowingly saving his life. The Blonde Alibi The massacre that took seven lives that St. Valentines Day in 1929 made newspaper headlines across the country. The country was shocked at the brutality of the killings. Police tried desperately to determine who was responsible. Al Capone had an air-tight alibi because he had been called in for questioning by the Dade County solicitor in Miami during the time of the massacre. Machine Gun McGurn had what became called a blonde alibi -- he had been at a hotel with his blonde girlfriend from 9 p.m. on February 13 through 3 p.m. on February 14.   Fred Burke (one of the gunmen) was arrested by police in March 1931 but was charged with the December 1929 murder of a police officer and sentenced to life in prison for that crime. The Aftermath of the St. Valentine's Day Massacre This was one of the first major crimes that the science of ballistics was used; however, no one was ever tried or convicted for the murders of the St. Valentines Day Massacre. Though the police never had enough evidence to convict Al Capone, the public knew he was responsible. In addition to making Capone a national celebrity, the St. Valentines Day Massacre brought Capone to the attention of the federal government. Ultimately, Capone was arrested for tax evasion in 1931 and sent to Alcatraz. With Capone in jail, Machine Gun McGurn was left exposed. On February 15, 1936, nearly seven years to the day of the St. Valentines Day Massacre, McGurn was gunned down at a bowling alley. Bugs Moran was quite shaken from the entire incident. He stayed in Chicago until the end of Prohibition and then was arrested in 1946 for some small-time bank robberies. He died in prison from lung cancer.

Benefits Of Being An American Citizen Essay - 1500 Words

Unaffordable and Inaccessible: Health Care Disparities in America â€Å"Liberty and Justice for all†. This phrase means to most that being an American citizen will grant you the benefits of freedom and fair treatment from everyone. Some may argue whether or not this holds true, however, the United States truly has come a long way from an equality standpoint since its inception. Liberty and Justice was not always for all. Minorities in particular, did not share any of the benefits of being in the land of the free and brave; does this still hold true today when it comes to the availability of heath care? Going to the doctor for a simple checkup and prescription should be considered a normal and affordable part of life. Being medically insured allows this to be done with ease, but for the large percentage of the minority population who are not, it can be a daunting task. Those who end up getting medical care without the proper insurance can rack up debt that becomes impossible to pay off. According to a study done by Wiltshire, Elder, Elder, K iefe, and Allison (2016), 21.4% of African Americans had some form of medical debt with their Caucasian counterparts only having seven point one percent. This paper examines who is affected most by medical debt and lack of insurance, how geographical differences influence those individuals, and what is being done to make health care more affordable. Who is Affected There is no doubt that the minority population is mostly affected by healthShow MoreRelatedThe Rights Of The United States1356 Words   |  6 PagesHuman rights are inherent to being human and essentially a right obtained by any being born in the world. These rights do not discriminate whether one was born in the United States or in Mexico. Essentially, they are what it means to be a human being, not if you are a citizen to a specific country. 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Cultural Diversity Todays Teacher Essay Example For Students

Cultural Diversity Today?s Teacher Essay Cultural Diversity Todays Teacher Education in America has evolved through out its history and has become a major necessity to excel in the work force, just imagine 100 years ago graduating high school in many areas was rare, twenty-five years ago a high school diploma was a must to find a good job and now college and mostly likely grad school is expected by many young adults in order to ensure financial security in life. So if education is evolving then the instructors which provide the information and lessons to our children must also evolve with the ever changing tides the educational field presents today. One of the most notable differences is the students in the class rooms, with different ethnic groups more intertwined than ever teachers have been exposed to a much different class room setting than those that had came before them. Todays teachers must open their minds and evolve into the next generation of instructors and in order to do so they will have to become more aware and sensitive to a more diverse clas sroom The need to create a teaching force that is culturally sensitive is undeniable. According to The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education teacher candidates must develop proficiencies for working with students from diverse backgrounds; dispositions that respect and value differences, and skills for working in diverse settings. As teacher educators, we hope that cultural diversity classes will help out students become aware of their own beliefs and become more culturally diverse. (The Ethnography Project p1) Cultural diversity, its a phrase we have all heard at sometime or another but what does I mean for teachers and the way they go about designing lesson plans, delivering lectures, grading and any other aspect of teaching that comes to mind. Teachers can no longer expect to have a class room in which all the students are primarily from the same cultural background and even in the majority are to be an effective teacher he or she must reach all the students even those in the minority. To achieve this, instructors must first understand and be sensitive towards different ethnic and cultural back grounds. The ways in which people converse with one another can vary greatly from culture to culture. For example, when a teacher asks a direct question, students from some cultures may not immediately respond. To answer quickly might be considered disrespectful and might indicate that not enough thought had been given to the question. But, if the teacher makes a casual observation or comment, that student might feel more comfortable about responding and joining in a discussion. Also, it helps to remember that people from some minority groups find the challenging often coercive, conversational style of many North Americans to be quite intimidating.(Effective Schools Research p1) That excerpt from one of the journal articles I researched gives a good example of how a teacher can reach out to minority students and make sure that they get involved and the great their involvement the less likely they are to fall behind. However it is not enough to simply recognize that certain students are different but the teacher must be able to understand that a students perception of a lot of things has to do with where he or she comes from. For example an inner city student shows no interest in learning he sleeps in class does poorly on tests and rarely turns in his home work assignments. At a glance a teacher would simply look at this student and think that he I just not intelligent and has no hope of achieving an education. But a cultural sensitive teacher does not just glance he or she opens their mind to think why this student is acting in such a manner, maybe he sleeps in class because he lives in a dangerous house hold and is afraid to sleep, maybe their lack of interest in class is because the student is worried about things at home, perhaps his grades and test scores are low because education is not a priority at home. There are many possibilities that could be holding this student back from succeeding and by being open minded and culturally sensitive .

Current Research on Medications used in the Treatment of Schizophrenia Essay Example

Current Research on Medications used in the Treatment of Schizophrenia Paper The introduction of drugs to the treatment of schizophrenia heralded the modern era of psychopharmacology. The French anesthesiologist Hans Labroit was the first to note the antipsychotic effects of chlorpromazine while utilizing the drug as a preanesthetic medication. Medications have long been the primary component of effective treatment for schizophrenia (Denckner, 2001). Conventional antipsychotics have been in use since the 1950s. However, these medications have a number of unpleasant side effects. The use of the new generation of schizophrenia medications, generally known as atypical or novel antipsychotics, has increased dramatically over the past decade. The first medication in this series was clozapine, which, because of the higher risk of agranulocytosis, found limited application in routine clinical practice. In 1989, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved clozapine, the first of a new class of antipsychotic medications. Although clozapine can cause agranulocytosis, a potentially fatal blood disorder that is reversible if the medication is stopped, it has far fewer of the extrapyramidal side effects typically associated with conventional antipsychotics (hence the term atypical). Atypical agents introduced in more recent years, such as risperidone, olanzapine, and quetiapine, have not been associated with an increased risk of this side effect and were shown in clinical trials to be at least as efficacious as conventional antipsychotics for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders (Remington and Chong 1999; Worrel et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Current Research on Medications used in the Treatment of Schizophrenia specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Current Research on Medications used in the Treatment of Schizophrenia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Current Research on Medications used in the Treatment of Schizophrenia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 2000). Randomized clinical trials have also shown that patients treated with these medications have fewer extrapyramidal symptoms and, as a result, have better adherence, fewer gaps in treatment, and fewer rehospitalizations (Rosenheck et al. 2000). The use of these new medications increased quickly after their approval by the FDA. By 1999, 58. 8% of all patients with schizophrenia who received an antipsychotic in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) were prescribed an atypical medication (Seeman et al. , 1996), and the proportion had increased to 64. 4% by 2000 (Wong et al. , 2005). However, little is known about the process by which these medications are adopted, i. e. , whether there is a simple switch to a new medication or a more complex process of trial and error. Literature Review The history of antipsychotic drug development is closely linked to the dopamine (DA) hypothesis of schizophrenia. This hypothesis postulates that schizophrenia is associated with a disorder in DA neurotransmission based on several observations: 1. Dopamine agonists, such as d-amphetamine, bromocriptine, and l-DOPA can exacerbate symptoms in schizophrenic patients and can produce psychotic symptoms in non-schizophrenic persons. 2. All currently used antipsychotic drugs share the common property of D2 dopamine receptor blockade both in vivo and in vitro. 3. A correlation exists between D2 dopamine blocking potential and clinical antipsychotic efficacy (Creese et al. , 2006). An increase in D2 dopamine receptors in the drug-naive schizophrenic brain has been reported but this finding has not been replicated (Wong et al. , 2005). In contrast, it has been shown that the D2 dopamine receptor and its gene are reported to be normal in schizophrenia and the antipsychotic drugs can only control symptoms and cannot cure the disease. While this hypothesis provided a rationale for the development of new drugs, there are still many unresolved problems. Not all schizophrenic symptoms can be explained by excess of dopamine. The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are related to a hyperdopaminergic state in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas (Crow, 2005), and the negative symptoms to a hypodopaminergic state in the medial prefrontal cortical area (Merriam et al. , 2000). Therefore, a dopamine blocking agent cannot logically be the most suitable drug to improve both the positive and negative dimensions of schizophrenia. Current Pharmacological Treatment of Schizophrenic Patients Clinical Goals of Treatment Antipsychotic therapy focuses on four primary symptom domains in schizophrenia – positive symptoms, negative symptoms, cognitive impairments, and disturbance of mood and affect (Tandon et al. , 2005). Positive symptoms are prominent during acute exacerbations of illness, and often precipitate hospital admission. Negative symptoms include both primary and secondary components, due to either the illness itself or due to other factors such as depression, environmental deprivation, or parkinsonian side effects of antipsychotic medications (Miller et al. , 2000). Although they rarely precipitate hospitalization, they frequently worsen during acute psychotic episodes, and typically do not fully resolve after the episode. Negative symptoms are moderately associated with functional impairments between acute episodes of illness. Cognitive symptoms include deficits in all four major areas of neuropsychological function – memory, attention, language, and executive function. Although cognitive functions often show significant premorbid impairment, there is evidence that they continue to decline after the onset of illness, especially during acute episodes of illness. These symptoms are largely due to the underlying pathology of schizophrenia, but are also worsened by secondary factors, such as depression or pharmacologic treatment. Cognitive symptoms are highly correlated with lifetime functional impairment in schizophrenic patients (Bilder, 2007). Mood and affective symptoms common in schizophrenia include depression, anxiety, agitation, and behavioral dyscontrol. These symptoms contribute to subjective distress, functional impairment, and hospitalization, and are appropriate targets for pharmacologic intervention. The remarkable heterogeneity of schizophrenia is attributable in part to the relative contributions of each of these domains of pathology to individual cases of the disorder. Furthermore, the quality and severity of each type of symptom varies over the course of illness in the individual patient, creating a unique mosaic of symptoms over time. Antipsychotic treatment has usually been focused on positive symptoms, which respond most dramatically to pharmacologic interventions. Modest symptom improvement in other domains typically follows reduction in psychosis. There are two major reasons to focus more intently on negative, cognitive, and mood symptoms. First, they are highly correlated with patients’ functional status and quality of life. Second, because they are difficult to treat once they occur, it is critical to avoid the progression of these symptoms, which is usually associated with acute episodes of illness. Thus, prevention of acute episodes benefits the patient not only by avoidance of hospital admission, but also by minimization of the functional deterioration associated with progression of negative and cognitive symptoms. General Principles Antipsychotic medications have been the mainstay of the pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia. AAP drugs show levels of antipsychotic efficacy comparable with the conventional agents, but are somewhat more effective in the treatment of negative, cognitive, and mood symptoms, and they carry a greatly reduced risk of EPS and TD (Meltzer, 1993). Clozapine is unique in its antipsychotic efficacy, effective treating 30% to 50% of patients who do not respond to other medications (Kane et al. , 1998). Because of its associated risk for agranulocytosis, seizures, hypotension diabetes and weight gain, clozapine is not considered a first-line agent, and is reserved for treatment-refractory cases. In treating a schizophrenic patient, two factors – the temporal and dimensional – need to be considered. Temporal factors include emergency, acute, chronic and rehabilitation treatments and dimensional factors include the positive, negative, cognitive and mood target symptoms. Acute Treatment Acute patients generally enter treatment through the emergency room and, if needed, may get admitted into the psychiatric ward of a hospital. The removal of the patient from the stressful environment, if any, is itself positive. In an acute setting, antipsychotic monotherapy is the most useful line of treatment, and AAP drugs are preferred because of the lack of acute EPS. Antipsychotic drugs are used in therapeutic doses and in most instances, use of high doses is not needed. There is no evidence that schizophrenic patients respond to any one specific medication and the response depends on the individual. Intramuscular preparations are sometimes required to treat acute patients; both haloperidol and ziprasidone are available in intramuscular formulation. Occasionally, lorazepam intramuscularly either alone or with haloperidol is administered to decrease agitation (Salzman, 1988). The goal in acute treatment is to prevent harm to self or others by decreasing excitatory symptoms. When to Expect improvement Positive symptoms improve first. Of the positive symptoms, psychomotor excitement improves in a day or two and sometimes in a few hours. Akathisia and dystonia also occurs most often with in the first 48 hours to a week, and patients need to watched carefully during this period. Hallucinations and delusions take about 3 months to improve and, in some instances, may continue unabated. Thought disorders improve gradually. There is variability in how an individual patient responds. Adjunct medications, increase in antipsychotic medication dose, addition of another antipsychotic drug, or changing the antipsychotic agent within a month is unwise. Maintenance Treatment Continuing antipsychotic medication treatment after acute symptoms are controlled reduces the likelihood of a relapse (Davis, 1995). The antipsychotic medication should be continued indefinitely. Depot injections decrease relapse rates better than oral medications and are indicated in certain circumstances. Tardive dyskinesia is a major risk with CAP drugs, occurring in about 5% of the haloperidol treated patients per year. In older patients, in one year 27 % of patients develop tardive dyskinesia (Jeste Caligiuri, 1993). It is the risk of tardive dyskinesia which is partly responsible for the popularity of AAP drugs as the first choice for treatment. Dose of the medication is an unsettled issue. With regard to antidepressant therapy, the dose that helped a person to improve is the same dose used as maintenance dose. With antipsychotic drugs, there is a need to use the minimum amount necessary to prevent relapses. What the minimum dose is, is a clinical decision. The maintenance antipsychotic treatment has to be flexible to suit the individual needs with a positive risk-benefit ratio. Discussion The introduction of chlorpromazine a half century ago clearly revolutionized the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Unfortunately, neither this drug nor other typical antipsychotic medications are uniformly or optimally effective in the treatment of individuals with schizophrenia. These agents do not reduce psychotic symptoms in all patients and have limited efficacy against other clinical features of the illness (e. g. , negative symptoms and cognitive deficits). In addition, the different side effects associated with these medications have both contributed to problems with compliance and introduced additional sources of morbidity. The availability of atypical agents, such as clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone, promised advantages in both efficacy and tolerance but raised very important questions, such as, 1) Which antipsychotic medication used is best for a given profile of symptoms of schizophrenia? and 2) just how much advantage in treatment efficacy, especially for negative symptoms, do the current atypical medications actually provide? Clear answers to these questions have been difficult to obtain from the existing literature because the available studies evaluated only a subset of the medications of interest, used different experimental designs and outcome measures that hinder comparisons across studies, and examined primarily acutely ill subjects, making it difficult to determine whether clinical improvement reflected reductions in not only secondary but also primary negative symptoms. In addition, a number of the comparative studies that have been published were developed and sponsored by the pharmaceutical companies whose medications were being evaluated, raising concerns about potential sources of bias in experimental design or interpretation of outcomes. The study by Papanikolaou and colleagues provides compelling new data that address these important issues. These investigators recruited 157 inpatients who had a diagnosis of chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and a history of suboptimal treatment response to adequate duration and doses of one or more typical antipsychotics. The patients were randomly assigned to receive clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, or haloperidol in a 14-week, double blind trial. Total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores were significantly improved for all three patient groups treated with atypical agents but were unchanged for the haloperidol treated group. This finding would be expected for individuals who were selected for study because 1) they had not responded adequately to previous treatment with typical antipsychotics and 2) they had not failed previously to respond to treatment with atypical agents. When compared with haloperidol treatment (with conservative corrections for the performance of multiple statistical tests), only clozapine and olanzapine demonstrated statistically significant improvement in negative symptoms. In addition, none of the three atypical antipsychotics produced a statistically significant improvement in positive symptoms or general psychopathology compared with haloperidol. In considering the significance of these findings, several aspects of this study are worthy of note. First, the importance of such double-blind direct comparisons of therapeutic agents is rivaled by the difficulties involved in conducting such studies. For example, achieving the optimal dose for each agent can be a major challenge; as noted by the authors, the dose of risperidone was probably too high, presenting one limitation to the study. In addition to the complexity involved and time required to conduct these types of studies, the staged introduction of new medications produces problems in making direct comparisons across medications. In the study by Papanikolaou et al. , the comparison of haloperidol, clozapine, and risperidone was designed and implemented when olanzapine became available commercially. To enhance the relevance of their study to clinical practice, the investigators subsequently added an olanzapine treatment arm. However, the later addition of olanzapine-treated subjects meant that assignment to treatment with olanzapine was not completely random with the other three medications, creating the possibility of a cohort effect. This raises the question of whether subjects who entered the study later, and received olanzapine, were somehow different from the subjects who entered the study earlier, and received the other drugs, in a way that would account for any differential response (or lack thereof) to a given treatment. The authors have thoughtfully addressed this question and provide reasonable arguments for the absence of such a cohort effect, but they acknowledge that the possibility cannot be completely excluded. Second, the study was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), contributions of medications from four pharmaceutical corporations, and supplemental funding for the olanzapine arm (equal to about 18% of the total cost of the project) from Eli Lilly and Company, the manufacturer of olanzapine. This arrangement, a realistic compromise that made possible the direct comparison of four drugs, nonetheless raises concerns about potential bias, given that olanzapine proved to be more effective than other drugs on some measures. However, in contrast to investigations that are initiated and controlled by industry, the authors had complete independence in the design, conduct, analysis, and interpretation of the study. In some ways, this study may represent a model approach for the support of clinical trials; that is, the study was designed and conducted by independent investigators, principally funded by the federal government, and supplemented by contributions from, but without undue influence by, the pharmaceutical industry. Indeed, such government/private collaborations for investigator-initiated research have been encouraged by NIMH. Third, despite achieving statistical significance, the differences in efficacy across the medications examined in this study were, as noted by the authors, modest and their clinical significance limited. Thus, the disappointingly small added value of atypical antipsychotics in this patient population clearly underscores the need for the identification of more effective treatments. In this regard, the study by Leucht et al. (1999) in this months Journal provides an informative lesson. These authors conducted a meta-analysis of amisulpride, an atypical atypical antipsychotic that has been used clinically in France for the past decade. Leucht et al. found that amisulpride was superior to typical antipsychotics in improving global symptoms and negative symptoms in acutely ill patients with schizophrenia and more effective than placebo (but not than typical antipsychotics) in patients with predominantly negative symptoms. However, as in the study by Papanikolaou et al. , the additional improvement provided by amisulpride was relatively small. For example, the mean effect size was 0. 11 in acutely ill patients, indicating 11 percentage points more improvement in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale total score with amisulpride than with typical antipsychotic medications. In addition to clarifying the clinical efficacy of amisulpride, the findings of Leucht and colleagues are informative regarding the pharmacological basis for the atypicality of antipsychotic medications. Although it shares the clinical properties (e. g. , reduced extrapyramidal symptoms at therapeutic doses) that characterize other atypical agents, amisulpride is unusual in that it lacks the combination of activity at dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2 receptors that has been proposed to account for the efficacy and side effect profile of atypical antipsychotics (1). In contrast, amisulpride is a highly selective antagonist of dopamine D2/D3 receptors. Thus, the superiority of amisulpride in terms of clinical response and reduced extrapyramidal symptoms suggests that activity at the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor is not required for atypicality. As a consequence, these findings may indirectly support the hypothesis of Seeman and Kapur (1996) that fast dissociation from the dopamine D2 receptor accounts for the distinctive features of atypical antipsychotic medications. Conclusion The findings of both studies may further enhance the ability of clinicians to make informed, evidence-based decisions regarding the antipsychotic medication that is most likely to be effective in individual patients. However, the modest differences in clinical efficacy of a given atypical medication relative to typical antipsychotics, and especially in comparison with other atypical antipsychotics, both warrant caution in the face of marketing claims of superiority for a given drug and underscore the continued need for the types of basic research that can contribute to the development of novel and more effective medications for the treatment of schizophrenia. REFERENCES Bilder RM. (2007). Neurocognitive impairment in schizophrenia and how it affects treatment options. Can J Psychiatry; 42: 255-264. Creese I, Burt DR, Snyder SH. (2006). Dopamine receptor binding predicts clinical and pharmacological potencies of antischizophrenic drugs. Science; 192: 481- 83. Crow T. (2005). The two syndrome concept: Origins and current status. Schizophrenia Bull; 11: 471-86. Davis JM (1995). Overview: maintenance therapy in psychiatry: I. Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry; 132(12): 1237-45. Denckner S (2001). The need for long-term neuroleptic treatment in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatric Scand Suppl; 291:29-43 Jeste DV, Caligiuri MP (1993). Tardive dyskinesia. Schizophrenia Bull 1993; 19(2): 303- 315. Kane J, Honigfeld G, Singer J, Meltzer H. (1988). Clozapine for the treatment-resistant Schizophrenic: a double blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Arch Gen Psychiatry; 45: 789-796. Leucht S, Pitschel-Walz G, Abraham D, Kissling W. (1999). Efficacy and extrapyramidal side effects of the new anti psychotics olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and sertindole compared to conventional anti psychotics and placebo: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Schizophrenia Res; 35:51- 68. Meltzer HY (1993). New drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clinical North Am; 16: 365-385. Merriam AE, Kay SR, Opler LA, Kushner SF, van Praag HM (2000). Neurological signs and the positive-negative dimension in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 28: 181-92. Miller DD, Tandon R. (2000). The Biology and Pathophysiology of Negative Symptoms. In: Keefe R, McEvoy J. Eds, Negative Symptom of Schizophrenia. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press; 163-186. Nasrallah HA Eds. (2005). Contemporary Issues in the Treatment of Schizophrenia. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press; 109-124. Papanikolaou, Wiesel FA, Stone-Elander S, Halldin C, Nordstrom AL, Hall H, et al. (1990). D2 dopamine receptor in neuroleptic naive schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry; 47: 213-19. Remington, G. , and Chong, S. A. (1999). Conventional versus novel antipsychotics: Changing concepts and clinical implications. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 24:431-441. Rosenheck R, Cramer J, Xu W, Thomas J, Henderson W, Frisman L, Fye C, Charney D. (1997). (Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Clozapine in Refractory Schizophrenia): A comparison of clozapine and haloperidol in hospitalized patients with refractory schizophrenia. N Engl J Med ; 337:809-815 Salzman C. (1988). Use of benzodiazepines to control disruptive behavior in inpatients. J Clinical Psychiatry; 49(suppl): 13-15. Seeman P, Lee T, Chau-Wong M, Wong K. (1996). Antipsychotic drug doses and neuroleptic/dopamine receptors. Nature; 262: 717- 19. Tandon R, Jibson M, Taylor SF, DeQuardo JR. (2005). Conceptual models of the relationship between positive and negative symptoms: Implications for pathophysiology and treatment. Wong DF, Wagner HN Jr, Tune LE, Dannals RF, Pearlson GD, Links JM, et al. (2005). Positron emission tomography reveals elevated D2 dopamine receptors in drug naive schizophrenics. Science; 244: 1558-63 Worrel, J. A. ; Marken, P. A. ; Beckman, S. E. ; and Ruehter, V. L. (2000). Atypical antipsychotic agents: A critical review. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 57:238-255.

Ecology In and Around a Dead Tree

Ecology In and Around a Dead Tree The small image included with this article is an old dead tree snag on my rural property in Alabama. It is a photo of the remains of an old water oak that lived grandly for over 100 years. The tree finally succumbed to its environment and completely died of old age about 3 years ago. Still, its size and rate of deterioration suggest that the tree will be around and influencing my property for a long time yet - and for that I am pleased. What Is a Dead Tree Snag? Tree snag is a term used in forestry and forest ecology which refers to a standing, dead or dying tree. That dead tree will, over time, lose its top and will drop most of the smaller branches while creating a debris field underneath. As more time goes by, maybe as long as several decades, the tree will slowly be reduced in size and height while creating a viable ecosystem in and underneath the decomposing and falling biomass. A tree snags persistence depends on two factors - the size of the stem and the durability of the wood of the species concerned. The snags of some large conifers, such as coast redwood on the Pacific Coast of North America and the largest cedars and cypress of U.S. coastal south, can remain intact for 100 years or more, becoming progressively shorter with age. Other tree snags of species with rapidly weathering and decaying wood - like pine, birch, and hackberry - will break up and collapse in less than five years. A Tree Snags Value So, when a tree dies it still has not completely satisfied its ecological potential and the future ecological value it provides. Even in death, a tree continues to play multiple roles as it influences surrounding organisms. Certainly, the impact of the individual dead or dying tree gradually diminishes as it weathers and further decomposes. But even with decomposition, the woody structure may remain for centuries and influence habitat conditions for millennia (especially as a wetland snag). Even in death, my Alabama tree continues to have a tremendous influence on the microecology in, around, and under its decomposing trunk and branches. This particular tree provides nesting for a significant squirrel population and raccoons and is often called a den tree. Its branching limbs provide a rookery for egrets and perches for hunting birds like hawks and kingfishers. The dead bark nurtures insects that attract and feed woodpeckers and other carnivorous, insect-loving birds. The fallen limbs create understory cover and food for quail and turkey underneath the falling canopy. Decaying trees, as well as fallen logs, may actually be creating and influencing more organisms than a living tree. In addition to creating a habitat for decomposer organisms, dead trees provide critical habitat for sheltering and feeding a variety of animal species. Snags and logs also provide habitat for plants of higher orders by creating habitat provided by nurse logs. These nurse logs provide the perfect seedbed for tree seedlings in some tree species. In forest ecosystems such as the alluvial Sitka spruce-western hemlock forests of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, almost all tree reproduction is confined to rotten wood seedbeds. How Trees Die Sometimes a tree will die very quickly by a devastating insect outbreak or from the virulent disease. More frequently, however, a trees death is caused by a complex and slow process with multiple contributing factors and causes. These multiple causal concerns are typically categorized and labeled as abiotic or biotic. Abiotic causes of tree mortality include environmental stresses like flooding, drought, heat, low temperatures, ice storms, and excess sunlight. Abiotic stress is particularly associated with the death of tree seedlings. Pollutant stresses (e.g., acid precipitation, ozone, and acid-forming oxides of nitrogen and sulfur) and wildfire are usually included in the abiotic category but can significantly impact older trees. Biotic causes of eventual tree death can result from plant competition. Losing the competitive battle for light, nutrients or water will limit photosynthesis and result in tree starvation. Any defoliation, be it from insects, animals or disease can have the same long-term effect. Declines in the vigor of a tree from periods of starvation, insect and disease infestations and abiotic stresses can have a cumulative effect that eventually causes mortality.

Globalization and Local Cultures Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Globalization and Local Cultures - Research Paper Example Globalization has led to loss of cultural identity in the traditional society. Globalization has considerably threatened the local heritage because of westernization. The detached cultures are under threat in the contemporary society because of emerging issues of modernization. This is because modernization has fostered the decline of costs. The declining costs alter the experience of societies into a greater incorporation of varied cultural values. For instance, the information flow, increased advancement in technology and reduced communication cost has contributed to a global community. Wilson (2006) argues that the identity developed through the interaction process has become problematic because of ethnicity. The identity constructed in most cases to those people who travel beyond borders or interact through digital technologies contributes to conflicting issues among diverse cultures. The language expansion generates interaction plethora among varied nations in terms of variation s in policymaking, and it manipulates cultural identity.Globalization threatens the feasibility of locally manufactured products. The increased advancement in technology has contributed to cheap labor and high production of commodities that are competitive in the global market. This has threatened the locally manufactured products because globalization offers a welcoming entrance for many customers to access easily products that customers could not otherwise have. For instance, the new foreign products in the market are sold at cheaper prices.

Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy for your financial Assignment

Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy for your financial organisation for the 21st Century - Assignment Example suggests that corporations have a duty to society to act in ways that benefit everyone and promotes social justice—to try to neuter the capitalist impulses that allow companies to be competitive and make profits. Nevertheless, many companies have done it to try to burnish their reputations in crowded marketplaces. The truth is that there are many ways to go about instilling this kind of thinking within the company. Part of it can be external, with us investing in causes that we think are appropriate. Another way to do it is through values and codes of ethics. Some say that spending money on CSR is a waste and that we should focus on improving profitability and returning money to our shareholders. That idea may be short-sighted. As one leading researcher recently wrote: Opinion and research has been divided regarding the relationship between CSR and financial performance. On the one had, conventional wisdom would assume that CSR has been considered as a zero-sum tradeoff with profitability: more money spent on CSR means less spent on increasing market share, or re-investment. Conversely, academic thought has also suggested that those companies, who appear to be more responsible in the areas of environment and societal behavior, would more attractive for investors, and therefore perform better financially (Cavett-Goodwin 2007). All of these are important considerations as we look at the pluses and minuses of this possible strategy in the next section. We must be mindful that CSR is not zero-sum, but that everyone can benefit from using it. It can do a lot of good for a great many people. A question that has troubled many people since the dawn of time is how should a person lead a good, ethical life? Furthermore, how should a business behave in an ethical manner? There are as many theories as there are grains of sand on the beach, but a few ideas over the years have been more popular than others. Some people are born into religions where these questions are

Electoral Processes of Thailand and Great Britain Essay Example for Free

Electoral Processes of Thailand and Great Britain Essay Electoral Process of Kingdom of Thailand and Kingdom of Great Britain The election is a formal decision making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold office. Elections may fill offices in the legislative, sometimes in the executive and judiciary, and for regional and local government. The universal use of election as a tool for selecting representatives in modern democracies is in contrast with the practice in the democratic archetype. Kingdom of Great Britain conducts such election since 17th century. On the otherhand, the Kingdom of Thailand have their first general election on 1993which is called to be indirect because of large number of population. Since both Kingdom of Great Britain and Kingdom of Thailand have constitutional monarchy as form of their government, these two kingdoms have some basic similarities in decision making process-election. The Kingdom of Thailand used the multi member system in constituencies for the election of senate and combination of plurality and proportional system for the election of HoR. On the other hand, Kingdom of Great Britain used the system commonly called â€Å"First Past The Post System† of election to the West Minster Parliament, taking into account four requirements, namely broad proportionality; the need for stable government; an extension of voter choice; and the maintenance of a link between MP’s and geographical constituencies. These two kingdom’s aims primarily to eliminate problems in elections such as vote buying, cheating, and the partisan conduct of government officers. This paper aims to analyse the significance of the election systems used in conducting such elections in determining of how many representative/s in each province or division; how many votes a candidate or political party accumulates or how much it is ahead of other candidate/party to hold office; and how do it avoid election problems such as party switching. For more understanding, questions will be answered such as, who can vote? Who can run as candidate for a public office? Keywords: Election, Public Office, Legislative, Executive, Judiciary, Democratic, Kingdom of Great Britain, Kingdom of Thailand, HoR, Senate, Multi-Member System, Plurality and proportional System, First-Post-The-Past System, Party Switching.

Timeline 1945-1964 :: essays research papers

1945 Ho Chi Minh and his People's Congress create the National Liberation Committee of Vietnam to form a provisional government following the surrender of Japan to Allied forces and Japan transfers all power to Ho's Vietminh. President Roosevelt dies Making good on his threat to unleash "...a rain of ruin the like of which has never been seen on earth...," President Harry Truman authorizes the dropping of two atomic bombs on Japan -- one on Hiroshima on August 6, and a second on Nagasaki on August 9. The Japanese surrender. Ho Declares Independence of Vietnam. British Forces Land in Saigon, Return Authority to French.1946 France recognizes Vietnam as a "free state" within the French Union. French troops replace Chinese in the North. Negotiations Between French and Vietminh Breakdown. Indochina War begins. 1947 Vietminh move north of Hanoi. Marshall Plan announced. French General Etienne Valluy attempts, and fails, to wipe out the Vietminh in one stroke. 1949 Bao Dai and President Vincent Auriol of France sign the Elysee Agreement. As part of the agreement the French pledge to assist in the building of a national anti-Communist army. NATO formed. Volkswagen introduced in US. 1950 Chinese and Soviets offer Weapons to Vietminh. Record heist in Brink's robbery. When Communist forces from North Korea invade the Republic of South Korea on June 25, President Truman appeals to the United Nations to take action. The UN quickly brands North Korea the aggressor, and Truman follows up by sending US air and naval support to Korea immediately thereafter. The United States sends $15 million dollars in military aid to the French for the war in Indochina. Included in the aid package is a military mission and military advisors. 1951 Ho Chi Minh creates Workers' Party. Truman dismisses General Douglas MacArthur . Worst floods in US History inundate Kansas and Missouri. 1953 France grants Laos full independence. Rosenbergs executed for Espionage. Vietminh forces push into Laos. 1954 A force of 40,000 heavily armed Vietminh lay siege to the French garrison at Dienbienphu. Using Chinese artillery to shell the airstrip, the Vietminh make it impossible for French supplies to arrive by air. It soon becomes clear that the French have met their match. Supreme Court rules on Brown v. Board of Education. Responding to the defeat of the French by the Vietminh at Dienbienphu, President Eisenhower outlines the Domino Theory: "You have a row of dominoes set up.

Compare and contrast India and China’s population Essay

China and India are the two countries that have the highest population in the world. Both countries have realised that family planning and population control had to happen around the 1950’s for India and the 1970’s for China. This essay will seek to compare and contrast China and India, focusing on what the major problems facing both are, why have they both had to implement policies regarding population control, and the long-term and short-term effects that these policies have on the two countries. The major problem concerning China is over population. Due to overpopulation, the demand for energy to light every house and for petrol to fuel every car is becoming too great. With added pressure of providing for the people, more natural resources and fossil fuels are used up. There is also a shortage of jobs. China has a population of 1.31 billion people. In 2003, the total of number of unemployed people in China was 744,320,000. The World Bank said that the total unemployment level was close to 10%, though that is only the number of people who are registered as unemployed. The real figure would be substantially greater. China is faced with, because of overpopulation, lack of space. Approximately 137 people live on each square kilometre of China’s territory, China ranking 71st on the worlds list of the countries with the highest population densities. The world average is 43 people per square kilometre, making China three times the average figure. Also a pressing issue is the state of poverty in China, (due to the recent focus on a new type of capitalism, there are marked contrasts between rich and poor). The UN Food and Agriculture Organisation states that there is ample food to feed the population. The problem lies then in how effectively the food is distributed. There is also a severe lack of adequate education. In recent years, literacy rates have drastically decreased. Illiteracy for persons aged 15 and over for 1990 was 22.2% and for 2000 it was 8.7%. In 1964 the illiteracy rates for college and university were 0.5%, and in 1990 they were 1.6%. Read Also:  Good Topics for a Compare and Contrast Essay India faces much the same problems, though as the world’s largest democracy (population-wise); the way that the government goes about everyday things is quite different. Contrary to China’s system of ‘equally’ dividing wages and food, the Indian population have to work for themselves. As with China, India is suffering the brunt of overpopulation, shortage of jobs, lessening of natural resources, decreasing literacy rates, and a population  density level rivalling China’s. After the Chinese Cultural Revolution, once Mao Zedong had assumed power, he introduced a Five Year Plan that ran from 1958-1963 which was known as The Great Leap Forward. This vision failed and resulted in widespread starvation, being the world’s worst man-made famine. The death toll is estimated 30 million. Mao’s following philosophy was that â€Å"the more people, the stronger we are†. Families were encouraged to have as many children as possible, and an uncontrolled population boom resulted. China did not have the economy or the resources to support such a large population. Once Mao’s reign finished, the new chairman, Den Xiaoping, introduced â€Å"birth planning† to China, launching the law which stated that there can only be one child per couple, with some exceptions, such as if the first child was disabled and/or a girl, or if the couple lived in a rural area. This policy has been implemented in several ways. Incentives for only having one child occur, such as free education, better health care, and promotions at work and bigger houses. On the flip side, disincentives occur for people who are adamant on having more than one child. Such disincentives include demotions and fines, which can be four times a yearly wage. Forced sterilizations and mandatory abortions occur, in some cases as late as 8 months gestation. Since China is a communist country, community pressure is strong, not only pressure from the community but also pressure from the government. This pressure makes having one child seem to be a better option. National advertising campaigns encouraging the â€Å"one child policy† are commonplace. Around the 1950s, India was the first country to officially establish a family planning program. This program made birth control information to become more readably available. India’s government saw big families leading to continued poverty, and poverty hindering economic progress. Just as with China, India saw foresaw that the country would not be able to feed the masses of people, and the country would eventually use up all of its resources and the population would ultimately breed themselves out of existence. Up until the 1970’s, the government used no aggressive force to promote the use of contraceptives or sterilisations. They increased medical care and access to hospitals, and provided education for family planning. In  the 1970’s the government declared India to be in a â€Å"state of emergency†. Medical workers went out into the slums and poorer regions of India and forcibly sterilised women. The medics were rewarded for how many women they were able to sterilise. An effect that the one child policy has had on China is the improvement of the economy. When there was a larger population than there is now, the economy was suffering. Since the one child policy has had time to take effect, the population has shrunk and the economy can support the population. A negative effect that this policy has had on the Population is that there is an uneven balance of boys and girls. Female infanticide is more frequent, as are female abortions, because it is the common thought that males and prized more highly than females. Another problem faced is the â€Å"little emperor† generation. This generation is comprised of spoiled children that their parents have over-indulged. It is worried that this generation will have poor social communication and cooperation skills since they are the only child at home. There is also the â€Å"One-Two-Four† problem. This long-term effect says that one adult child supports two parents and four grandparents. This leaves the largest group dependant on retirement funds, the state of the family for support. To combat this problem, a couple who are both only children are allowed to have two children. The Indian population may have recognised the seriousness of their actions on the environment and their economy, but they can still do more. The government should follow China’s suit, put their foot down and make a laws about having one child per couple. It would be fair to say that India does not have a law, just advice. So far, the country’s policies have seemed to been ineffective. In the next halve a century, India will have overtaken China is the population ladder and it may seem like there is no stopping it. Actually, India’s rate of population is dropping. In 1991 India’s annual population growth rate was 2.15% and by 1997 this figure dropped to 1.7%. This means that India is actually making progress in population control. India and China are similar in their preference for sons, and it is so deeply ingrained in their culture that it is impossible to remove. Sons are more  highly regarded because not only do they help working on the family farm, but they support their parents in their old age. Similar views are held by the Chinese, where sons are considered luckier than daughters. In Chinese culture, the sons take care of his parents in their old age and the daughter looks after her in-laws in their old age. Since there is such a desire to have sons, similarly to China, the Indian population has a lack of females. Slightly higher female infant mortality rates are due to abortions of female foetuses, and female infanticide. The main difference between India and China is that India is the world’s largest Democratic country, whereas China is the world’s largest Communist country. Through looking at what the government has tried to do with controlling the birth rate, it is clear that China is much more effective on account of they are a communist country and that effects how they can go to any lengths without having the fear of losing popularity for since it is a communist country, there is no voting. India on the other hand cannot use as much force because the government has to be voted in by the people. In conclusion, China, as the world’s largest communist country, is able to enforce forced sterilization, and forced abortions, without fear of being voted out or losing popularity. This, in a way is more effective than India, whose democratic approach is ineffective because it is not enforced as strictly. If China had of continued under Mao’s philosophy of â€Å"the more people, the stronger we are†, and had not put in place population control, China would have used up all of their natural resources and would not have been able to support their crippling population. So is the same with India. If India continues to grow at the rate that it has been growing, India will suffer environmentally and economically. India is similar to China in their few that sons are better than daughters, and female infanticide and female abortion. Bibliography: http://www.ias.ac.in/jbiosci/nov2001/421.pdfhttp://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/ho.htmhttp://countrystudies.us/india/34.htmhttp://www.columbia.edu/~bcp26/web-pages/consequences.htmlhttp://www.colby.edu/personal/t/thtieten/Famplan.htm’China’, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1991 edn, , Cambridge, vol. 15th, pp. 36.

About Video Game Industry - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 549 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/05/06 Category Entertainment Essay Level High school Tags: Video Games Essay Did you like this example? Video game phenomena is increasing its revenue fast for its popularity. This year it is estimated that the video game players around the world will probably spend $138 billion on purchasing video games this year. The video game popularity has become an entertainment tool for all ages. In the early 1960s the intent of creating this video games were meant for a research project not entertainment. The U.S military took advantage of these simulations to imagine situations of war. Around 1960s, video games became publicly known and it is believed that the SpaceWar was the first popular game developed by college graduate students that was considered an art in programming language. It was known for its computerized violence in the early years. It wasnt until the 1970s, when the computer video games became globally popular. By 1982, approximately 8 million American homes owned a video console, this generated annual revenue that is estimated around $3.8 billion. The popular ity of these games increased by a mass of audience who wanted to have fun and enjoy the adrenaline of competition. It became a relief of some people when stress becomes overwhelming, some make was just an addicting hobby, others it was for competition and some it become a profession, where now they earn millions of dollars if they win a tournament. It has changed lives of many others to riches, bullies, depression, some to destruction, anger, rage, suicides, weight that is leading to obesity in teenage kids and recently the mass shooting that happened in Florida for a gamer lost in the tournament. The video game industry is accelerating as involvement of younger people, college women on campuses is increasing. Most of teenagers play video games several hours a day and neglect their school work. It is getting so popular more than movies, or TV. I have saved so much money monthly for cable TV, I had to shut down the cable for my son no longer is interested watching TV but only playing his video games. I would propose that creators or video game engineer to put a limit of two hours each day to especially, the extremely violent games, when it reaches the 2 hours limit it should automatically shuts down and one cannot play the game until the following day. The same should apply to all other games, the console will recognize per the user login information that he has played his limit for the day for any violent games and wherever he goes he will not have access to play until the next day. Another idea or proposal is to create some codes that will ask educational questions and if the question is answered right that is the only time you can proceed to the next level, this will only apply to teenagers. For any curse words will be detected by the console and the gamer will fall a step backward and try and regain speed again to catch up with the rest of the gamers, and team work is encouraged getting the right answers. Another activity that the video gam e engineers could implement, is after every hour of playing a game, the console should automatically pause and display a workout video to motivate the gamer to move around after each hour of playing a game, this will promote healthy lifestyle. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "About Video Game Industry" essay for you Create order